(b) Ion-exchange resins are used within the purification of foods, including potable Ultrapure Water Production, to take away undesirable ions or to substitute much less desirable ions with one or more of the next: bicarbonate, calcium, carbonate, chloride, hydrogen, hydroxyl, magnesium, potassium, sodium, and sulfate besides that: The ion-change resin identified in paragraph (a)(12) of this part is used solely in accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of this part, the ion-exchange resin identified in paragraph (a)(13) of this section is used solely in accordance with paragraph (b)(2) of this part, the resin identified in paragraph (a)(16) of this section is used solely in accordance with paragraph (b)(1) or (b)(2) of this section, the ion-alternate resin recognized in paragraph (a)(17) of this section is used only in accordance with paragraph (b)(3) of this part, the ion-trade resin identified in paragraph (a)(18) of this part is used solely in accordance with paragraph (b)(4) of this section, and the ion-exchange resin identified in paragraph (a)(20) of this part is used solely in accordance with paragraphs (b)(5) and (d) of this section.
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Sulfate Precipitation. Calcium sulfate precipitation can happen in a robust acid cation unit operated in the hydrogen cycle. At the top of a service cycle, the top of the resin bed is wealthy in calcium. If sulfuric acid is used because the regenerant, and it is introduced at too excessive a concentration or too low a flow charge, precipitation of calcium sulfate happens, fouling the resin. After calcium sulfate has formed, it is vitally difficult to redissolve; subsequently, resin fouled by calcium sulfate is normally discarded. Mild cases of calcium sulfate fouling could also be reversed with a protracted soak in hydrochloric acid.